New word to learn
1. Cost a fortune (n)
= have a very high price
e.g. I was given a parking fine again yesterday. It’s costing me a fortune.
2. Fine ppl for (doing) sth (v)
= to make sb pay money as a punishment
e.g. At the moment the only form of punishment we have is to either fine people for petty crimes or imprison them for more serious offences.
Impose a fine (n)
= if authority (government) impose a rule/punishment/fine, they force people to accept it
e.g. In some countries the polices can enforce laws against crossing the street at the wrong place by imposing a fine.
3. Mix with (v)
= socialize, to spend time with people, esp. you do not know well
e.g. 1) Charles does not mix well with the other children.
2) Perhaps this is because prisoners mix with other criminals when they are in jail.
4. Graduate (from sth) to sth (v)
= to start doing sth that is bigger, greater or more important
e.g. 1) As an actress she has graduated from small roles to more substantial parts.
2) As a result, prisons may provide a way for young people who have been involved in minor offences to graduate to more serious ones.
5. A) Be deemed to be sth; B) Be deemed to do sth
= to think of sth in a particular way / as having a particular quality
e.g. 1) They were deemed to be illegal immigrants.
2) UK plans were deemed to infringe EU laws.
3) In recent years there has been a move to abolish laws which were deemed to be too harsh or strict and to reduce punishment for non-violence crime, such as those against property.
6. Intrusion into/on/upon (n)
= when sb does sth / sth happens, that affect your private life/activities in an unwanted way
e.g. 1) Laws like this are passed simply to keep us safe and some see them as an intrusion on our privacy.
2) I resent this intrusion into my domestic affairs.
7. Resent (v)
= to feel angry about a situation / about sth that sb has done, esp. becoz you think that it’s unfair
e.g. 1) Focusing on petty crimes in this way can also cause people who generally obey the law to resent the police rather than respect them for what they do.
2) I resent this intrusion into my domestic affairs.
Words I need to use more
1. With sth doing sth
= because of a situation that exists
e.g. 1) In spite of the large number of prisons we have, crime figures have risen again this year with the number of drug-related crimes in particular increasing.
2) I can’t do my homework with all this noise going on.
2. Be made to do sth
= to force sb to do sth
e.g. If people commit a crime then they should be punished and made to accept the consequences of their actions.
3. Be/get involved in
= a) be connected with it in some ways; b) to take part in an activity/ event
e.g. 1) As a result, prisons may provide a way for young people who have been involved in minor offences to graduate to more serious ones.
2) ……and there are serious consequences if they’re involved in criminal activities in any way.
4. Start doing sth / start to do sth
= to do sth that you were not doing before
e.g. Perhaps it’s time to start introducing new laws rather than abolishing them.
5. Achieve (v)
= to successfully complete something / get a good result, esp. by working hard
e.g. 1) She eventually achieved her goal of becoming a professor.
2) We can also achieve this by making new laws that will act as a deterrent.
6. Perhaps (adverb)
= used to say that something is true, but you are not sure
e.g. Perhaps this is because prisoners mix with other criminals when they are in jail.
7. Act as/on
= to have an effect/ use
e.g. 1) The padding acts as a cushion if the player falls or is hit by the ball.
2) We can also achieve this by making new laws that will act as a deterrent.
Words I often make mistakes with
1. Prevent sb/sth (from) doing sth
= to stop sth from happening / sb from doing sth
e.g. This will prevent crimes from happening.
2. Avoid
= to stay away from sth/sb
e.g. You should try to avoid dangerous situations.
Topic words (e.g. The Environment; Fuel; Energy; Work, etc)
The law (Crime, punishment) (Unit 18_Vocabulary for IELTS)
| Noun | Verb | Adjective |
| 1. Crime 2. Criminal = Prisoner | Commit a crime | Criminal 2) It should be made a criminal offence. |
| Deterrent (against) | Deter sb from (doing) sth e.g. There is little to deter ppl from doing this at the moment | Deterrent |
| Enforcement | Enforce a law | Enforceable |
| (serious/minor) Offence | Offend | Offensive |
| (fire/accident)Prevention | Prevent e.g. We could have prevented this crime by fitting an extra lock on the floor | Preventable |
| 1. Prison = (in) Jail 2. Prisoner = Criminal 3. Imprisonment | Imprison | Imprisoned |
| Punishment | Punish sb for (doing) sth | Punishable |
1. Serious crime: Smuggling (taking sth illegally from one country to another, e.g. drug smuggling),
Arson (deliberately making sth burn), Burglary, Fraud, Kidnapping, Murder
Petty crime: Vandalism (deliberately damaging things, esp. public property), Pickpocketing
Offensive: Swearing
2. The accused -> the person who is on trial
The judge -> decides how a criminal should be punished
The jury -> decides whether the accused is innocent or guilty
The prosecutor-> tries to prove the accused is guilty
The lawyer -> tries to prove the accused is innocent
The victim -> provides evidence against the accused
Accuse sb of (doing) sth
= you believe sb is guilty of a crime/ of doing sth bad
e.g. The professor stands accused of stealing his student’s ideas and publishing them.
3.
| | Crime | Law |
| Adjectives | 1) Serious 2) Petty 3) Non-violent 4) Victimless 5) Drug-related | 1) Strict 2) Tough 3) Harsh 4) Existing |
| Verbs | 1) Solve 2) Be tough on (= punish crime severely) 3) Be involved in 4) Commit 5) Combat (inflation/racism etc, esp. in news report) | 1) Obey 2) Break 3) Enforce 4) Pass 5) Introduce 6) Make 7) Abolish 8) Abide (by) |
4. Abolish (v)
= to officially end a law/system, esp. has existed for a long time
e.g. 1) In recent years there has been a move to abolish laws which were deemed to be too harsh
2) Perhaps it’s time to start introducing new laws rather than abolishing them.
3) It used to be against the law to go fishing on Sundays, but thankfully that law was abolished years ago.
Sth against the law
= it is illegal
e.g. The children knew that shoplifting was against the law.
5. Abide by sth
= to accept and obey a law/decision/agreement/rule, although you may not agree with it
e.g. However, we also need to focus more attention on crime prevention and educating young people to abide by the law.
6. Law-abiding
= respectful of the law and obeying it
e.g. Many law-abiding citizens believe that our existing laws are just not tough enough and do not act as enough of a deterrent against crime.
7. Be above the law
e.g. 1) Sometimes the police feel that they are above the law and should not be punished for traffic offences.
2) They need to know that no one is above the law and………….
Good sentences
1. Some people feel that this system is not working. Perhaps this is because prisoners mix with other criminals when they are in jail. As a result, prisons may provide a way for young people who have been involved in minor offences to graduate to more serious ones.
2. Rather than trying to solve this problem by building even more prisons, I believe the best approach is to try to prevent crime from happening in the first place. We can do this by making sure that our property is protected and also by improving the conditions for the poorer people in our society. We can also achieve this by making new laws that will act as a deterrent.
3. In spite of the large number of prisons we have, crime figures have risen again this year with the number of drug-related crimes in particular increasing.
4. It’s difficult to believe that reducing punishments will help to combat crime.
Daily Journey
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